Critical Concern: Birds of Prey in Africa at Risk of Extinction
Africa’s skies, once graced by magnificent birds of prey, are witnessing a concerning decline in these iconic species, as revealed by a recent study conducted by researchers at The Peregrine Fund and the University of St Andrews. The alarm is not limited to scavenging raptors, as previously noted, but extends to other large species less susceptible to poisoning and not reliant on scavenging.
Large raptors, including the majestic Martial Eagle, the colorful Bateleur, and the long-legged Secretarybird, are experiencing more substantial declines compared to smaller species. These declines are especially pronounced on unprotected lands, highlighting the vulnerability of these birds outside designated conservation areas.
The study, published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, indicates a dual challenge faced by large birds of prey – their reliance on protected zones and the shrinking availability of suitable habitats. Contrary to expectations, the research found that protected areas are not consistently safeguarding these species. The decline observed within protected areas suggests potential mismanagement or insufficient size to support the necessary prey populations for these raptors.
Africa is home to over 100 species of raptors, and the study focused on 42 species across Kenya, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Northern Cameroon, and Niger, examining population changes from 1969 to 2020. Disturbing declines were noted in species such as Wahlberg’s Eagle, African Hawk-eagle, Long-crested Eagle, African Harrier-hawk, and Brown Snake-eagle.
The study emphasizes the vulnerability of diurnal (day-active) African raptors, with over two-thirds of the studied species classified as globally threatened. Human activities, including poisoning, collisions with energy infrastructure, traditional bird killings, shooting, and trapping, contribute to the decline.
Retaliatory poisonings intended for predators like lions and hyenas inadvertently impact scavenging birds, disrupting the crucial role they play as “clean-up crews.” Vultures, for instance, help prevent the spread of diseases by swiftly consuming carcasses.
Conservation efforts are imperative to address the challenges faced by large birds of prey. The Soysambu Raptor Centre, led by conservationist Simon Thomsett, provides refuge for injured birds affected by energy infrastructure or human assaults. The slow reproduction rates and reduced habitats make these birds particularly vulnerable.
Electrocution poses a significant threat, and meticulous planning in power line placement, as well as insulating power lines, are crucial to mitigating risks. The study’s authors advocate for urgent expansion of Africa’s protected areas, aligning with global biodiversity conservation goals outlined in the Convention on Biological Diversity. Presently, Africa’s protected areas cover only 14% of the continent’s land and inland waters, underscoring the need for enhanced conservation efforts to ensure the survival of these magnificent birds of prey.
